![]() However, the immune response induced by most epitopes does not have the function of neutralizing or inhibiting virus replication ( 6). Viral antigens, including S protein, have multiple epitopes that have immunoprotective effects and induce the neutralization of antibodies (such as antibodies that inhibit virus replication), effector T cells that inhibit or kill infected cells and assist immune balance response ( 5). Therefore, the effect of its antigen characteristics and antigen variation on the host protective immune response needs further clarification. No commercial vaccine was available, bringing challenges to its prevention and control. Given is that SADS-CoV was a newly emerged coronavirus in pigs in China, the current understanding and research on SADS-CoV were still shallow. Infected newborn piglets within 5 days of age suffer from acute diarrhea and vomiting, resulting in acute death, and the mortality rate can be as high as 90% ( 4). The clinical symptoms of diseased pigs were similar to those of other porcine intestinal coronaviruses, and the clinical manifestations were mild diarrhea in infected sows ( 3). The first outbreak occurred in Qingyuan district, Guangdong Province, China, in 2017, causing severe economic losses to the pig industry in the region ( 2). Swine acute diarrhea syndrome (SADS) is a highly contagious, acute, and fatal respiratory and gastrointestinal infectious disease of pigs caused by Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) ( 1). ![]() ![]() Therefore, the constructed epitope vaccine will provide a new theoretical basis for the design of SADS-CoV antiviral drugs and related research on coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2. After codon optimization, it was highly likely to be efficiently and stably expressed in the Escherichia coli K12 expression system. The constructed epitope vaccine interacts stably with TLR-3 receptors, and the immune response simulation shows good immunogenicity, which could effectively activate humoral and cellular immunity. The results show that the spike protein dominant epitope of the screening has a high conservativeness and coverage of IFN-γ, IL-4-positive Th epitope, and CTL epitope. The study explored primary, secondary, and tertiary structures, disulfide bonds, protein docking, immune response simulation, and seamless cloning of epitope vaccines. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a predictive analysis of the epitope of S protein B cells and T cells (MHC class I and class II) by immunoinformatics methods by screening and identifying protective antigenic epitopes that induce major neutralized antibodies and activate immune responses to construct epitope vaccines. The coronavirus spike protein mediates virus entry into host cells, one of the most important antigenic determinants and a potential vaccine target. There is an urgent need to discover safe and effective vaccines to contain them quickly. The regional outbreak of the Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) has seriously threatened the swine industry. College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China.
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